Closing the Circle

Direct oral anticoagulants for acute venous thromboembolism: closing the circle?

I n the past decades, the two-stage treatment of initial paren-teral heparin followed by vitamin K antagonists has been the standard therapy for patients with acute venous thrombo-embolism (VTE). With the advent of direct oral anticoagu-lants (DOACs), previously known as new oral anticoagulants, this era has come to an end. In this issue of Circulation, Schulman et al 1 report on the results of...

Bioceramic technology : closing the endo-restorative circle, part 2.

Reverse genetics of negative-strand RNA viruses: closing the circle.

The study of viruses and their interactions with host cells and organisms has benefited greatly from the ability to engineer specific mutations into viral genomes, a technique known as reverse genetics. Genome manipulations of DNA viruses, either by transfecting cells with plasmids encoding the viral genome (1) or by heterologous recombination of plasmids bearing viral sequences with the virus ...

Closing the circle: from organoids back to development.

Organogenesis is an inherently fascinating developmental process. It requires the creation of complex form and function from a collection of distinct cell types, all of which come together without a template. To achieve this, cells within the developing organ undergo differentiation, migration, proliferation and appropriate growth and scaling in a spatially and temporally controlled manner. Mor...

Grand Challenges in Plant Systems Biology: Closing the Circle(s)

The reductionist approach has successfully identified most of the components and many of the interactions but, unfortunately, offers no convincing concepts or methods to understand how system properties emerge...the pluralism of causes and effects in biological networks is better addressed by observing, through quantitative measures, multiple components simultaneously and by rigorous data integ...